The Meaning and Impact of Linda Nochlins Feminist Art Criticism

Linda Nochlin was a renowned art critic, historian, writer, and researcher. Through her writing and academic work, Nochlin became an icon of the feminist art movement and history. Her best known essay is titled Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?, in which she examines the societal reasons that prevented women from gaining recognition in the art world. Key Takeaways Nochlins essay Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists? was published in 1971 in ARTnews, a visual arts magazine.Written from an academic perspective, the essay became a pioneering manifesto for the feminist art movement and feminist art history.Through her academic work and her writing, Nochlin was instrumental in changing the language that surrounds the way we speak of artistic development, paving the way for many of those outside the norm, not just women, to find success as artists. Personal Life Linda Nochlin was born in 1931 in Brooklyn, New York, were she grew up an only child in a wealthy Jewish family. She inherited a love of the arts from her mother and was immersed in New York’s rich cultural landscape from a young age. A volume of Nochlins writing in which her famous essay appears.   Courtesy burlington.co.uk Nochlin attended Vassar College, then a single-sex college for women, where she minored in art history. She pursued a Master’s in English literature at Columbia University before completing doctoral work in art history at the Institute of Fine Arts at New York University while also teaching as a professor of art history at Vassar (where she would teach until 1979). While Nochlin is most famous for her role in feminist art history, she also made a name for herself as a scholar with wide academic interests, writing books on subjects as diverse as realism and impressionism, as well as several volumes of her essays originally published in various publications, including ARTnews and Art in America. Nochlin died in 2017 at the age of 86. At the time of her death she was a Lila Acheson Wallace professor of art history emerita at NYU. â€Å"Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?† Nochlin’s most famous text is the 1971 essay, originally published in ARTnews, titled â€Å"Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?,† in which she investigated the institutional roadblocks which have prevented women from ascending to the top ranks of art throughout history. The essay is argued from an intellectual and historical angle, rather than a feminist one, though Nochlin did secure her reputation as a feminist art historian after the publishing of this essay. In her writing, she insisted that the investigation into the inequity in the art world would only serve the arts as a whole: perhaps an interest in why women artists have been systematically excluded from the art historical canon will prompt a thorough investigation into the contexts of all artists, resulting in a more authentic, factual, and intellectually rigorous assessment of art history in general. Characteristic of Nochlin as a writer, the essay methodically lays out an argument to answer the titular question. She begins by insisting on the importance of her essay, in order to assert an â€Å"adequate and accurate view of history†. She then launches into the question at hand. Many feminist art historians, she argues, will try to answer her question by insisting it is predicated on false claims. Indeed, there have been great women artists, they just have produced in obscurity and have never made it into the history books. While Nochlin agrees that there is not nearly enough scholarship on many of these women, the possible existence of female artists that have reached the mythical status of â€Å"genius,† simply would state that the â€Å"status quo is fine,† and that the structural changes that feminists are fighting for have already been achieved. This, Nochlin says, is untrue, and she spends the rest of her essay outlining why. â€Å"The fault lies not in our stars, our hormones, our menstrual cycles, or our empty internal spaces, but in our institutions and our education,† she writes. Women were not permitted to attend live drawing sessions from a nude model (though women were permitted to model nude, an assertion of her place as object and not as self possessed maker), which was an essential chapter of an artist’s education in the 19th century. If not permitted to paint the nude, the few women painters that existed were forced to resort to subjects that were lower in the hierarchy of value assigned to different genres of art at the time, that is, they were relegated to painting still lives and landscapes. Add to this an art historical narrative that values the rise of innate genius and the insistence that wherever genius resides it will make itself known. This type of art historical myth making finds its origins in the biographies of such revered artists as Giotto and Andrea Mantegna, who were â€Å"discovered† tending flocks of livestock in the rural landscape, as close to the â€Å"middle of nowhere† as can be. The perpetuation of the artistic genius is detrimental to the success of female artists in two significant ways. First, it is a justification that, indeed, there are no great female artists because, as is implicitly stated in the genius narrative, greatness makes itself known regardless of circumstance. If a woman possessed genius, her talent would best all adverse conditions in her life (poverty, social duties, and children included) to make her â€Å"great.† Second, if we do accept the ex nihilo genius story, we are not inclined to study art as it exists in context, and therefore are more prone to ignoring important influences (and therefore, more inclined to discount the other intellectual forces surrounding an artist, which may include female artists and artists of color). Of course, there are many life circumstances that make the road to becoming an artist more straightforward. Among them is the custom that an artist profession is passed from father to son, making the choice to be an artist a tradition rather than a break from it, as it would be for women artists. (Indeed, a majority of the most famous pre-20th century women artists were the daughters of artists, though they are, of course, notable exceptions.)   Regarding these institutional and social circumstances as the situation that artistically-inclined women are up against, it is no wonder that more of them have not ascended to the heights of their male contemporaries. Reception Nochlin’s essay was widely acclaimed, as it provided the foundations on which to build alternative understandings of art history. It certainly provided the scaffolding on which other seminal essays such as Nochlin’s colleague Griselda Pollock’s â€Å"Modernity and the Spaces of Femininity† (1988), in which she argues that many women painters did not ascend to the same heights of some other Modernist painters because they were denied access to the spaces best suited to the Modernist project (that is, spaces like Manet’s Folies Bergà ¨re or Monet’s docks, both places from which single women would be discouraged). Artist Deborah Kass believes that Nochlins pioneering work made women’s and queer studies possible (ARTnews.com) as we know them today. Her words have resonated with generations of art historians and have even been emblazoned on T-shirts produced by upscale French fashion label Dior. Though there is still a great disparity between the representation of male versus female artists (and still a greater one between women of color and white female artists), Nochlin was instrumental in changing the language that surrounds the way we speak of artistic development, paving the way for many of those outside the norm, not just women, to find success as artists. Sources (2017). ‘A True Pioneer’: Friends and Colleagues Remember Linda Nochlin. ArtNews.com. [online] Available at: http://www.artnews.com/2017/11/02/a-true-pioneer-friends-and-colleagues-remember-linda-nochlin/#dk.Smith, R. (2017). Linda Nochlin, 86, Groundbreaking Feminist Art Historian, Is Dead. The New York Times. [online] Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/01/obituaries/linda-nochlin-groundbreaking-feminist-art-historian-is-dead-at-86.htmNochlin, L. (1973). â€Å"Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?†Ã‚  Art and Sexual Politics, Collier Books, pp. 1–39.

Operations Management Homework - 843 Words

1. What is the best way to increase value the most, given the following information for one customer? Base Case: Perceived benefits $50 and Price $10.00 Improvement Option A: Perceived benefits $65 and Price $13.00 Improvement Option B: Perceived benefits $65 and Price $12.50 Improvement Option C: Perceived benefits $60 and Price $12.50 We derive the following (using the formula, value = perceived benefits / price (cost) to the customer): * Base Case: value = (50/10) = 5 * Option A: value = (65/13) = 5 * Option B: value = (65/12.50) = 5.20 * Option C: value = (60/12.50) = 4.80 The option B is the best way to increase value the most (but the cost to the customer is higher, and the perceived benefit as well).†¦show more content†¦Use productivity arguments to recommend whether or not to change the current system. †¨ Using the formula: = 50 / 1 = 50 = 90 / 3 = 30 It is better not to change the system, since a single worker can handle 50 cars per hour (taking orders, assembling them and acting as a cashier), on the other hand, 3 workers (one taking orders, the second assembling them, and the third acting as cashier) would handle 30 cars each. 10. What is the average value of a loyal customer (VLC) in a target market segment if the average purchase price is $75 per visit, the frequency of repurchase is six times per year, the contribution margin is 10 percent, and the average customer defection rate is 25 percent? Using the formula: VLC = (P) (RF) (CM) (BLC) VLC = (75) (6) (10%) (1/0.25) VLC = $180.00 The average value of a loyal customer (VLC) is $180.00. 12. What is the average defection rate for grocery store shoppers in a local area of a large city if customers spend $60 per visit, customers shop 52 weeks per year, the grocery store has a 12 percent gross mar- gin, and the value of a loyal customer is estimated at $2,750 per year? Using the formula: VLC = (P) (RF) (CM) (BLC) 2,750 = (60) (52) (12%) (1/DF) 2,750 = 374.4 (1/DF) 7.345085 = (1/DF) DF = 1/7.345085 DF = 14% The average defection rate for grocery store shoppers isShow MoreRelatedOperations Management Homework Chapter 3 Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesHomework 1 – GMGT 590 Q 3.5    | Step 1: Cut | Step 2: Put Grilled Stuff on Bagel | Step 3: Veggies on Bagel | Step 4: Cream Cheese | Step 5: Wrap | I | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | T | 3 min | 10 min | 5 min | 4 min | 2 min | R | 0.333333333 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.25 | 0.5 | % | 100% | 16.67% | 77.78% | 22.20% | 100% | ADJ R | 0.333333333 | .5999 | 0.2571 | 1.126 | 0.5 | | | | | | | Total Bagel | 180 | 100.00% | | | | Grilled Veggie | 30 | 16.67% | | | | Veggie Only |Read MoreGoods Services1178 Words   |  5 PagesHomework #2: Goods, Services, and Operations Management Written By: Tamara Ellis Prof. Samuel A. Garwon MGMT 480 – 002 March 6, 2013 1. Explain why a bank teller, nurse, or flight attendant must have service management skills. How do the required skills differ for someone working in a factory? What are the implications for hiring criteria and training? Service-providers need technical/operations skills plus human interaction and marketing skills. A bank teller, for example, must be ableRead MoreOperation Management769 Words   |  4 Pagesand whether it is relevant to continue certain operations * Better management of the outsourced activity – In theory, you can choose a supplier that is a leader in the field * Market discipline – You can align your costs with those of suppliers in the field * Technology – In theory, you gain access to state-of-the-art technologies * Flexibility – The resources no longer used in one area can be redirected to the companys core operations Here are some disadvantages of producing newRead MoreMgt3610 Baruch Outline2686 Words   |  11 PagesBaruch College Zicklin School of Business - Department of Management Dr. Jonatan Jelen COURSE INFORMATION SHEET MGT 3121 Fall 2011 Course Title: Service Operations Management Course Number: MGT 3121 (UFA – CRN 1077), Fr 6:05-9:00 p.m.; room VC 9-150 Name of Instructor: Dr. Jonatan Jelen Department: Management Phone: 917-340-8250 (use for emergencies only!) Office: TBA Office Hours: Fr 5-6 p.m. E-Mail: Jonatan_Jelen@baruch.cuny.edu Course Description (Catalogue):Read MoreOperations Management Chapter 18 Manual1950 Words   |  8 PagesChApter 18 Management of Waiting Lines Teaching Notes Some of the math and calculations can be left out in order to focus more clearly on the concepts of waiting lines. For example, all infinite source problems, including single channel (except constant service time) can be handled using the infinite source queuing table. In the past, queuing presented students with a good bit of computational requirements, and because of that, students frequently lost sight of the underlying concepts. WithRead MoreSP15 SCM 305 Syllabus1256 Words   |  6 Pagesprobability, statistics, economics, operations research, and operations management. We will apply these tools and principles to problems in financial management, marketing, operations, supply chain management, and quality management. We will also look at risk management in decision making and ethics in decision making. Required Class Materials: 1. Text Book – Schaum’s Outline; Operations Management – Decision Making in Business 2. Decision Making in Operations Management, Walden, 2014 3. Class lectureRead MoreDescriptive Description Of Descriptive Information994 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: WEEK THREE HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT Week Three Homework Assignment Alysia Rodgers BUS 650 Managerial Finance Instructor Samantha Duhn May 9th, 2016 2 Week Three Homework Assignment Case Study Introduction In this paper, descriptive information in terms of practices that apply to working capital will be discussed in reference to George’s business. There will be information regarding how George conducts his methods of capital budgeting analysis techniques. There will also be analytical informationRead MoreAshford Mgt 330 Entire Course (Management for Organizations)1371 Words   |  6 PagesASHFORD MGT 330 Entire Course (Management for Organizations) Click Link Below To Download Entire Class: http://homework-aid.com/ASHFORD-MGT-330-Entire-Course-Management-for-Organizations-944.htm?categoryId=-1 MGT 330 Week 1 DQ 1 Surf Shop Comparison MGT 330 Week 1 DQ 2 Company Evaluation MGT 330 Week 2 Case Study Starbucks’ Structure MGT 330 Week 2 DQ1 Structure for Conglomerates MGT 330 Week 2 DQ2 Classifying Structure MGT 330 Week 3 DQ 1 Legal Aspects of Staffing MGT 330 Week 3 DQRead MoreMgt 330 Final Essay1591 Words   |  7 PagesThe Five Functions of Effective Management Lolita Davis MGT330: Management for Organizations Instructor: Sangita Patel November 5, 2012 The Renacer Westside Community Development Corporation is a 501  © 3 not for profit community based organization. Renacer has been in existence since June, 1995. Renacer’s mission is to improve the quality of life for undeserved citizens in the Chicago area. The focus of this paper is to demonstrate how the fiveRead MoreInternational Business876 Words   |  4 Pagesmodesty and humility as management also helped clear tables, setting a culture of equality and high standards. President Antoine Corinthio’ views and being a cultural chameleon, allowed him to see that it is important to know the culture of a region before expanding in that area. 2. Do you think corporate culture play a role in Four Season’s success? If so, how and why? Yes, there is a strong corporate culture of family, support and also tough love. Many senior management have long durations

Dinner with a 50s Legend Story Essay-Walt Disney free essay sample

WillieI sat at my desk staring at the blinking line in Microsoft word.? ?Still a blank page†¦I had been sitting here for three hours and I hadn’t been able to type a word.? ?A sigh escaped my lips as I looked around my boring room leaning back in my navy blue computer chair.? ?My neon green digital alarm clock told me it was? ?9:11? ?PM and I had school tomorrow.? ?I sat forward resting my head on one of my arms and staring at the screen. I could normally just start typing but this time I happened to have a serious case of writer’s block and it was going to kill me and my grade if I didn’t get this paper done. â€Å"? How can writing a paper about one of the most interesting men ever be so difficult † ? I whined pathetically.? ?I have all the information,? ?I did the research,? ?but I had tried to write and nothing ever sounded the way I wanted it to. We will write a custom essay sample on Dinner with a 50s Legend Story Essay-Walt Disney or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ? ?The only words on the page were my name class hour,? ?title,? ?and assignment.? â€Å"? Dinner with Walt Disney†¦Should be easy? †¦Ã¢â‚¬  I sighed looking at the posters of all things Disney.? ?I had posters of Mickey,? ?Donald,? ?Goofy,? ?Daisy,? ?Minnie,? ?all of them really.? ?I even had posters of the Kingdom Hearts game that had been made a few years back.? I looked through my notes and saw the designs for a? ?50? ’? s dress I had drawn when listening to the assignment.? ?It was super cute and I wanted to make it but I didn’t have the material or the time to do it.? ?I closed my laptop and stood up walking over to my bed covered in a Mickey Mouse comforter with Donald and Goofy pillow cases.? ?I fell back with a small bounce and stared at my light gray ceiling. The walls were pastel pink and the floor was carpeted with gray only it was a few shades darker than the paint on the ceiling.? ?I wore a white tank top with a purple off shoulder top that was a bit short on me over top of it,? my legs were covered with dark gray skinny jeans and I only wore plain white socks on my feet.? ?I rolled over onto my stomach and felt a sharp jab to my left side.? ?I sat up and saw a small silver key there.? ?It was oddly shaped like Mickey Mouse’s head and I picked it up curiously.? ?It gleamed in the dim light of my room and I laid down again staring at the strange necklace that had suddenly appeared.? ?I had chosen to write about Walt Disney in the first place because he’s the person that inspired me to chase my dreams. When I was little I would have a new dream for my future after I watched one of the many Disney movies out there.? Sure my research had picked out every aspect of his life for this paper,? ?but I wanted to meet the man who could make a kid have so many dreams and inspire so many people.? ?Meeting him would be amazing? ; ? unfortunately he died a while back making that dream impossible.? ?I sighed sitting up staring at the key. ?â€Å"? Oh well,? ?might as well wear it,? ?it’s cute,? † ? I said placing the long chain around my neck.? ?The key rested over my heart and I smiled feeling a bit better.? ?Then something freaky happened,? ?well,? ?not freaky.? ?It was actually pretty awesome. The key started to glow a bright,? ?pure,? white and then a small beam of light shot out at my wall where I didn’t have anything.? ?A hole began to open up but it wasn’t pulling me in,? ?soon a door had formed with a small stamp of the Mickey Mouse head in the middle that was colored gold.? ?I wasn’t afraid of it,? ?a bit shocked I’ll admit but anything with Mickey Mouse on it that was magic couldn’t be harmful.? ?I stood and walked to the door about to place my hand on it when suddenly it opened revealing the small mouse I had adored my entire life.

Marketing for Citizenship and Sustainability- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theMarketing for Citizenship and Sustainability. Answer: The chosen book bar/caf is an attracting concept where people could be offered books to read, games to play along with offering them refreshments like coffee and snacks. The micro and macro analysis reveals various strengths and weakness of the book bar/caf, along with in-depth analysis of the external environment that casts a major influence on the store. The internal environmental analysis highlights the fact the product strategies and marketing strategies that needs to be considered, in order to ensure the success of the business. The customers are provided with mental relaxation, along with offering them good snacks (Crane and Matten 2016). The caf has a strong completion from the other snacks bars and cafes or beverage companies. However, these are considered as opportunities for the book bar/caf. This is because, the caf consider these competition as benchmark and improve the quality of snacks that are offered to them (Fernandes 2016). Moreover, the external environment is also considered as opportunity, such that the caf is able to adapt to the technological needs and environmental changes, and improve the quality of food and services provided, in order to ensure to remain in competitive advantages (Crane and Matten 2016). The micro and macro environmental analysis, along with the competition offered from the other brands is considered as an opportunity for the book bar/caf to improve the services being provided, along with the quality of snacks being offered. Thus, it is important that the micro and macro environment are analysed successfully, in order to ensure the growth of the book caf. References Crane, A. and Matten, D., 2016. Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Fernandes, J.C.L., 2016. Coffeehouse Brasil Caf-The execution of A business plan. Revista de Micro e Pequenas Empresas e Empreendedorismo da Fatec-Osasco, 2(2), pp.271-287.