Borrowings Words Research Paper Essay

IntroductionThe theme of the inquiry paper is side of meat borrowings. This theme aro workouts my touch on as its widely discussed in every(prenominal) scientific circles. radical-fashioned dustups atomic number 18 born, well-nigh die out, and lots of them mix up with distri entirelyively separate. These facts allow a great influence on the humanity. Nowa twenty-four hourss the verbiage that influences Russian the approximately is position. English has be inject an international dustup and is map either over the world. More and more people, both youth and big(a) ups, use this devises in their destination. These vocabulary argon used in all sorts of activities politics, fashion, trade, medicine, law, military, mass media, sports. The aim of my research paper is to investigate the borrowed enunciates in different spheres of life and their economic consumption in coetaneous Russian verbiage. The tasks of the research paper* to give general information about the borrowed lingual process* to investigate the process and the way of borrowings* to de conditionine the importance of the borrowed pass address.The subject of my research paper is borrowings.Methods of investigation be* the method of observation* questionnaires* magazine and TV programme analyzing* interviewing.Practical signifi raisece of the results of investigation consists in the fact they squirt be used in teaching English for Belarusian and Russian students. We all agree that a language is the most important phonation of human confabulation. The master(prenominal) element of all language is speech. It consists of lecture and word combinations. Lots of speech in Russian be borrowed from other languages. The association of these linguistic process is inwrought as we meet them every twenty-four hours and everywhere. These spoken communication are usually not specific but are cognise to the most part of native tellers. acceptances are address and word co mbinations, adopted from one language to another agree to its phonetic and grammatical rules. Borrowing 1) (process) resorting to the word-stock of other languages for words to express parvenue ideas, to further differentiate the vivacious concepts and to make up new objects, and so forth 2) (result) a loan word, borrowed word a word taken over from another language and modified in phonemic shape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the English language. The follow of borrowings is different in each language. there are languages full of loan-words, much(prenominal) as Korean it includes about 2/3 of Chinese lexical units. Others produce a minuscule number of loan-words much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Russian, French and German. Nevertheless, there are languages Czech, Chinese and Hungarian which create an effort in hostel to avoid the input of international words and try to make up new words and expressions for a new concept by their own l exical units. But there is no language without each borrowings because nations cant be separated from each other and chat heathenish, scientific and trade cant be synthetically stopped. in that location are different types of borrowings.In the most cases the necessity of adopting some word appears with the penetration of corresponding item or acquiring new notion. In this way the word spoutnik in French and sputnik in English was borrowed by mevery languages from Russian after the launch of the first Soviet painted sputnik of the Earth. The flow of borrowing foreign words into Russian language had in particular increased in 90-s. It is connected with the inflexions in such(prenominal) spheres as politics, economy, finis and new concepts of morality. The extraordinary expansion of foreign lexica had been ascertained in this period.I Reasons for borrowingsFrom the ancient times Belarusian nation came into cultural, trade, military and political trans fill with other states that certainly lead to the language borrowings. Within the process of usage the major(ip)ity of them were exposed by the borrowing language influence. Step by step loan-words, assimilated (from Lat. assimilare , ) in borrowing language, had formed the layer of widespread words and by this time werent perceived as foreign some(prenominal)more. In different epoch words from other languages penetrated into o go underinal Russian vocabulary. The borrowed words appeared mostly in such spheres as mass-media, advertising and IT, because they present the most update phenomena of our advance(a) lifestyle. It became fashionable for nowadays to use borrowings which came from English into Russian.It is knowledgeable by the tendency of American clubhouse idealisation, where the social life train is very high. Also we cant deny the speed of skilful progress in English speaking countries. It is obvious that they acquire a great dominance in almost every sphere of modern society. Thats wh y we need to borrow words in order to name new concepts. Day after day people rig their houses with the most modern and high-technological equipment. So in order to use such house-helpers people had to workplace the technological information including the appropriate terminology. So that such words as , and many others came into our lives. The most demonstrative practice is the word . Not so long ago this notion acquired the status of universal usage word with the process of total electronic computerization. We can hear this term almost everywhere and even from a little child. Almost in every composition we can see advertisements with such a text edition and everyone understands that it mover the knowledge of various computer programmes.The other reason and may be the most important is that English language nowadays serves as the language of international communication. May be we should wait a little and as Sergey Yesenin wrote in his poem. Many Russian scientists are very profuse with the tendency of English and American words penetration into Russian language. There are a lot of examples in the history when one language gradually absorbed the other one. But as for me I suppose that Russian language is very rich and it has a great potential to get rid of everything superfluous or unnecessary and it is one of the richest language of the world while including a layer of loan-words in its vocabulary. But in addition to the classical borrowings, which serve to identify new notions, there is a new tendency in Russian language borrowing the words from English language, which already exist and are used in terrene life.For example, it is very fashionable to say from English hair which means or from English face instead Russian . It is clear that we cant use such borrowings in the scientific speech or in literary works. Here we can talk about the process of rhetorical distinction of the loan-words. Everything is changeable and language esp ecially. The reason is that the language is the most untoughened phenomenon to the changes in the surrounding world economics, politics and technological progress with its inventions. exactly language can express our feelings, actions, thoughts and relations among people, events that occur with us.II Spheres of borrowingsThe get together of borrowings into Russian language increased especially in 90 long time of XX century. The tendency of expansion foreign words could be observed in almost every sphere of life. It occupied the leading built in bed in political sphere of the country getting accustomed with new concepts president, inauguration, speaker, impeachment, electorate and others. Such words began to form the layer of new social and political vocabulary. At last time, the main source of linguistic stuff became contemporary mass media. While reading newspapers or watching TV every person is confronted with a great number of borrowed words. In this way, new concepts keep d own into our life.The speed of foreign words penetration became faster within the phylogenesis of mass media. It is necessary to stand for spheres of borrowing of English words such as information technologies, a policy, the international relations and cooperation, business sphere, cultural interaction of the countries and the people, sports. The process of adoption of new words is determined by nations contacts which generate a necessity of new concepts and ideas nomination. Such words are usually the results of some nations innovation in any sphere of science or technics. They may besides appear as a consecutive result of snobbery, fashion. Nevertheless, there are prerequisite linguistic reasons for instance, the necessity to express polysemantic Russian words by means of foreign word or to widen the expressive means of a language, and so onIII Classification of borrowingsLinguistic borrowing are words (morpheme or syntactic construction) and set expressions, moved from one l anguage to another. The inception of English borrowings in Russian language refers to the beginning of XVII century. ulterior by the middle of XIX century loan-words entered Russian to be beat its essential part. The word-stock of international vocabulary was being arisen. 1. Loan-word can be a equivalent word to the creaseal oneFor example etc.2. Loan-word can replace the Russian wordFor example - etc.3. Loan-word that has no equivalent in Russian language, new notions borrowed from another culture with the noticeive unit or concept For example etc.In some cases the application of foreign words is not appropriate, in others it is necessary, as these words make up an essential part of lexis, fixed over the definite style.Types of borrowingsIt is possible to distinguish the quest groups of loan-words 1. Direct borrowings. The words are met in Russian in the resembling form and in the same meaning as in the initial language. They are - weekend, leisure t ime black(man) or Afro-American money or cash. 2. Hybrids. These words were formed by addition of Russian suffixes, prefixes and endings to the foreign root. In this way the meaning of the word a good deal changes. For example (busy , ), , , and others. 3. Calques. Word of foreign origin using with the preservation of its phonetic and graphic shape. They are , , , , , , - etc. 4. Half-calques. Words which after being grammatically assimilated were put under the grammatical rules of Russian language (suffixation). For example (drive) , .5. Exotisms. Such words are characterized by specific national customs or manners of foreign nations and are used to show the atypical for Russian reality notions. The distinctive mark of them is that they have no equivalent or synonyms in Russian. For example (chips), - (hot-dog), (cheeseburger). 6. external lingual spots. Such words usually have lexical equivalents, but they stylistically differ from these equivalents and are used in the sphere of communication as expressive means to add a peculiar emotiveness to the speech. For example OK Wow. 7. Composites. Words which were made by means of two or more English lexical units. For example - a special apartment for watching movies, - a shop that sells the goods which have already been used, - a favorable cocktail bar. 8. Jargonisms. These are words appeared in consequence of some sounds distortion. For example e-mail, , crazy.If to speak about the time period there are two major types of borrowings. The first type is presented by old borrowings which were actualized during last years with respect to the political and economical systems modification. The second type includes the number of loan-words which were made forthwith during last years.IV Research partNowadays the language that influences Russian the most is English. It is unsurprisingly because English has become an international language and is used all over the world. With the help o f the Internet and the mass media the number of English overhear words are increasing. More and more people, both youth and grown-ups, use these words in their speech. These words are used in all sorts of activities politics, fashion, trade, medicine, law, military, mass media, sports. I have analyzed1. some TV programs2. some newspapers, magazines3. the name of the shops in Novogrudok and Minskto find out how deeply English borrowings have come into Russian.PART 1 English borrowings on TVThe biggest part of borrowings comes from* the names of some channels* new kinds of programs invented in the regular army and the UK* new types of films* sports programs* music programs.The titles of some channels contain English letter or words. For example EuroSport, National Geographic channel, Discovery Channel, Animal planet, Viasat History, atomic number 63 Plus, Kino club, EuroNews. A big part of entertaining programs were invented in the USA. Thats why the names of some types of programs are English. We can name bully show, talk show, reality show, paranormal show. Modern types of some films have come similarly from the US, because the motion picture arts were born there. It is a thriller, a detective, a western, a soap-opera, a love story, a sitcom, a fantasy, an action film. So many English words have entered the Russian speech from TV.A lot of English borrowings dedicated to different kinds of sports have come into Russian language. It is possible to explain it because many sports were originated in England. I ordain give for example channel TNT where some names of programs are English borrowings and it is talentedly expressed. From TNT we know Comedy club, Comedy woman, ecumenical video version, Interns, Nasha Russia. In appendix I quoted words, that more practically than others we can hear on TV. Youth commercial music and popular-entertaining channels are in the lead. So I can say that English words influence on teenagers and their speech is full of Eng lish words.PART 2 English borrowings in newspapers and magazinesLots of people read magazines and newspapers every day. And I have tried to indicate the most used magazines and have detect that many of them have English names. In the Internet I have found information about the quantity of all the magazines and magazines with English names. I looked through all the magazines and chose only those which contained English names. In the Internet I have found information about the quantity of journals and magazines with English names of Belarusian publishing houses. I looked through all the magazines and chose only those which contained the English names. Even the names in these journals contained different amounts of borrowings, all depended on the topic of the article and the magazine. Cosmopolitan is very popular with young people. Such Belarusian newspapers and magazines Belarus now, Pressbol, Personal computer, Press pee-pee, the magazine Minsk reexamine, the magazine Planet are popular with people.PART 3 English borrowings in the names of the shops and some goods Borrowings have always come to the language through a variety of goods trade. And today, new products bring its contribution to linguistic borrowing. There are a lot of sources of borrowings. Among them I can name * names of the stores* names of cafes and restaurants* product names* household appliances.Every day people go obtain and find English words everywhere. Firstly, I would like to highlight the names of the stores in our town and our capital Minsk, in the title of which there are some English words and garner Axis, Respect (shoe stores), Berghouse, Tom Tailor, Delta sport, Sportmaster, Belmarket, Massive, Preston-market, Globo, Coolman, Maximus, Prostore and others. Every day people go shopping to buy different goods and the names of these items, written by a bright bold are well-remembered by consumers. We buy food every day and see the words Coca-Cola, Sprite, Bubble Gum, Chupa-chups, Ice-tea, Sandwich, Cracker, Alpine gold, Chips, , Nuts, Snickers, Picnic, Mars, Bounty, Red Bull, beefsteak, grape harvest, Juice, Juicy fruit and others. We use different cleaning products, washing powders. The names of these products are also easily included in our language. Some words related to face-to-face hygiene is also borrowed from the English language Colgate, Fairy, Tide, Blend-a-med, Ariel, Mister Muskul, Clean, Vanish, Dove, Head and Shoulders, Cleaning, Mather care, and others.Food for pets also brings its contribution to the borrowing of words Pedigree, Whiskas, Puppy, Parrot, Royal Canine and others. Household appliances and computer equipment have given us Cannon, Flash, Computer, Laptop, Notebook, iPhone, iPod, mp3Player, gadget, Smile, trader, level, IQ, chat, Sticker, names of kinds of music, Game, Player, Media, Mixer, Toaster, the names of many brands have become a part of our speech Top shops, Top hits etc. Borrowings have come into fashion and become the n ames of cafes, clubs and restaurants Beatles, Blackberry, recumb, Aero Cafe, Double Coffee, Chill Out, Quarter metropolis, Birhause, Europe, Overtime, Madison Royal Club, West worldly concern Club, Next Club and others.PART 4 The questionnaireWe have asked the pupils of our naturalise some questions on the topic English borrowings1. How often do you use English words in your speech (except English lessons)?1. often2. sometimes3. do not use2. Is it possible to speak without English borrowings?1. yes2. no3. its difficult to answer3. Does Russian need English borrowings?1. yes2. no3. its difficult to answerResults of the questionnaire are presented in the appendix.ConclusionDuring the study of intercultural communication of Russian and English languages it became clear that the process of new words borrowing occur intensively enough. So the history of the country has a great influence upon the history of the language. All events in the history such as wars, revolutions, trade, econo mical and political contacts, new inventions and many others always have a definite reflection in the lexical system of a language. As for nowadays a great interest of linguists is concentrated upon the RussianEnglish lingual communication. Increase of informational flow, appearance of Internet, expansion of international relationships, learning of world trade, economy, informational technologies, participation in various international competitions, fashion shows and other things are the reasons that caused the new words entering into Russian lexis.The openness of our society leads us to a considerable enlargement of mental outlook and electron orbit of interests, and to the improvement of foreign languages knowledge. The number of new concepts and phenomena Russian in origin is very limited. Thats why the adoption of already existing nomination with the respective notion and item is considered to be the most prestigious and hard-hitting way of enlarging the vocabulary. We have s een that Russian language is not as doctrinal as English, or any other European languages, it is a keep mum changing and flexible system. According to this research we can see that modern Russian language can be hardly imagined without English words. The main sources of English borrowings are Mass media, TV, magazines and Stores.In this course project I have made the classification of loan-words which includes direct borrowings, hybrids, calques, half-calques, exotisms, foreign lingual spots, composites and jargonisms. also there are some other classifications according to the system-defined relations and according to the time period of borrowing the word. cadence will show us if these borrowings can change, enrich or deteriorate the image of Russian language. Time will define the future destiny of each loan-word which is to be last adopted or rejected by linguistic flavor of the epoch. Russian language has a long history of adopting words dictated by the necessity to perceive useful information in the form of new words drawing on international experience. However, national originality of Russian language did not suffer at all from the penetration of foreign words into it, as the process of borrowing is quite natural way of any language enrichment. Russian language preserved its self-dependency and just got rich by means of borrowed words.So on channels Sport and Belarus 2 we often hear such words as football/Match/Football boots, Surfing/Windsurfing, Bodybuilding, Power lifting, Basketball, Snowboard, Free ride, Backcountry, Kickboxing/Mix fight. There are a lot of other kinds of sport volleyball, tennis, auto sport, motorsport, baseball, skateboarding, Aerobic, Gymnastic, Break dance, arm sport, badminton, bobsleigh, bowling, darts, golf, curling, paintball, Rafting, squash, hockey, cheerleading and so on.There are uncountable quantity of English words that we hear on TV. I want to repeat just few of them which I often hear TV, show, teenager, model, m usical, show business, celebrity, style, fashion, trend, top, super, weekend, test-drive, up-grade, jazz, hip-hop, rap, pop, rock-and-roll, cover, PR-manager, image-maker, battle, freestyle, casting, comment, Hollywood, designer, track, boyfriend, price-list, exclusive.Some of the Belarus periodicalsAutoNews.by. railroad car news.www.autonews.byThe Internet newspaper BSB newsEconomic reviews, exchange rates, news, comments, bank services, events, reportings, authors materials. www.news.bsb.byThe newspaper AutodigestAutomobile weekly journalwww. ADT.byThe newspaper Belarus TodayThe electronic version of the newspaper.www.belarustoday.byThe newspaper PressbolNews of the Belarus sports, interview, comments, statistics. www. PBbyThe newspaper Personal computerThe news Internet, iron reviews, useful programs, councils skilled, humour and still is a lot of interesting. www. PK.byThe newspaper Press hitWeekly the most interesting and actual articles from more than 100 newspapers of the w orld. www.presshit.by.ru cartridge clip MINSK REVIEWReference magazineMagazine Businessmonthly business magazine.To PART 4Results of the questionnaire.List of literature1. . . , , 1995. 2. .. . , 2003. 3. . . , , , 2003. 4. .. (, , ) // . ., 1984 5. . ., . . , , , 1987. 6. . . . XX , , 1996. 7. ABBYY Lingvo 11 , 2005. 8. www.belsmi.narod.ru.9. www.philology.ru10. www.wikipedia.org11. yazykoznanie.ru